a_majoor said:
I wonder just how "Special Forces" the true LI needs to be. The examples of the SAS in Borneo and Yemen are more "Infantry plus", extended patrolling was the core of the mission, and "Chesty" Puller was doing the same thing in Central America in the 1920s. Having language specialists, medical trained personell and so on is a potent force multiplier, but as the Marines demonstrated in the Banana Wars, not absolutely necessary.
He's here, much to your everlasting regret no doubt.
I am of the school that believes that infantry are first and foremost "light" infantry, not panzergrenadiers and not super secret commandos. They have their place and are necessary on the field of battle but the real shortage seems to be the man/woman in muddy boots with rifle capable of fitting into any organization and fulfilling any task.
I was interested in mdh's aside about the Chindits. Curious fact about the Chindits is that they were a one trick pony. They went in too light, with too little support and stayed too long. Those troops that came out of the jungle were so used up they were useless for the rest of the duration. By contrast the regular army divisions that followed them had much greater success.
Four really good sources are:
Field Marshall Slim - Defeat into Victory: Battling Japan in Burma and India (Excellent - the commander of 14th Army in Burma and no fan of Special Forces)
E.D. Smith - Battle for Burma (Fair)
John Masters - Brigade Major (Excellent - lost my copy but Masters - author of Man of War an all time favourite of mine - was Brigade Major for a Gurkha Brigade in the Jungle with Mules post Chindits)
George MacDonald Fraser - Quartered Safe Out Here: A Recollection of the War in Burma (A great first hand account of the campaign from the point of view of a private)
Fraser (Author of the Flashman and MacAuslan books) served in Burma as a private in the Borderers before going on to get his commission and serving in Palestine with the Gordons after the war.
Here are some of his observations on necessary kit (he describes himself as a reactionary )
".....Burma was a barebones war; in many ways we were like soldiers of the last century in that our arms and equipment were of the simplest; it was so because it was largely a close-contact, hand-to-hand war in which, while tanks and aircraft and artillery played an important part, it was first and foremost AN INFANTRYMAN'S BUSINESS (emphasis added CJP), and actions tended to be on a small scale compared with the battles in Europe. By today's standards we were sparsely equipped. Thank God."
I'll summarize his full kit list:
2 Shirts
2 pr Trousers
1 pr Puttees (protect legs from leaches and "other crawlies"
1 pr Boots (Brit or captured Japanese with crepe rubber soles)
1 Bush Hat (light, sun protection, water scoop - no tin helmets worn)
Standard web gear - cross braces with two pouches in the front (contents to follow)
- small pack - 2 mess tins
1 one pint tea/shaving mug
KFS
Housewife with needle and thread
Water Purification Pills
Mepacrin (anti-malarial - didn't work)
Personal Effects and Rations
- one pint water bottle,
- entrenching tool (pick axe with a mattock head and a detachable handle - the end that went into the head was steel shod the resulting two foot weighted club, I am
reliably informed, was ideal for crowd control and clearing recalcitrant passengers from the holds of ships with cargoes of illegal immigrants - but back to Fraser's list)
- a log line (5 yards or 5m of thin rope - if this follows the custom of my father's regiment then there was a loop on one end and a toggle on the other so that all the lines in a section
or platoon could be quickly joined together to clear obstacles)
- 2 field dressings ( 1 issued for use - the other personally acquired as a sweat rag/kerchief)
Weapons - ".... a few Tommy guns (Thompson sub-machine guns)....none of the hate Stens, the plumber's nightmare....standard arm was the most beautiful firearm ever invented, the famous short Lee Enfield....." Fraser's weapon, with which he seems well satisfied was a 30 year old WWI rifle (10 round magazine, 0.303 bolt action) complete with sword bayonet - in the book he describes how he had the option of a Thompson as section leader but preferred his SMLE - interesting choice considering the close terrain in which they operated - primary beneft? "...it never jammed"
"Nowadays the automatic rifle, and concentrated firepower are the thing, spraying rounds all over the place - which must give rise to hideous supply problems, I imagine. We had it drummed into us that each round cost threepence (paratroopers got paid about 2 shillings and 6 pence a day or about 10 bullets if you like); "one bullet, one Jap" was proverbial, if obviously impractical. I know I sound like a dinosaur, but I doubt if the standard of marksmanship is what it was - it can't be, except at short range -......"
Kirkhill commentary: When 2 Para took Goose Green in the Falklands in 1982 there was some kerfuffle about the paras committing war-crimes because too many Argentinians died with wounds to the head. It seems that the young conscripts in their round helmets skylined themselves over the lip of their trenches. The paras picked them off with aimed fire. Marksmanship and fire discipline still seem to have their place. Iraq and Afghanistan examples abound I am sure.
Ammunition: 50 rounds in a cotton bandolier
2 36 grenades in one pouch on web gear
2 30 round magazines in the other pouch for the section Bren LMG (reliable and conserved ammunition but slow and too tight a pattern)
Other weapons: personally acquired Kukri (some carried machetes) and a Sikes-Fairbairn commando knife
Protection from the elements consisted of a blanket and a rubberized cape (think poncho and poncho-liner)
Final piece of kit - the prototype camel back - a canvas water bag known as a chaggle - used on long marches and on silent approaches - it didn't slosh
Fraser doesn't like the modern helmets - cramp movement, impairs hearing and vision, doesn't like modern loose fitting battle dress (snags too easily making too much noise) and "the poor infantryman is festooned with more kit than would start a Q.M. store. I'm sure it's all necessary; I just can't think what for.....I'm old-fashioned and ignorant.....Perhaps if those who design the Army's equipment had to do (the job themselves), they'd come up with something better.
So there you have the kit of a well-satisfied jungle warrior - 1 bolt action rifle/pike with sword bayonet and 50 rounds, 2 grenades, 1 kukri utility knife, 1 fighting knife, 1 entrenching tool cum club, a change of clothes, a poncho and lots of water. The other thing he doesn't mention but bears consideration is a good aerial resupply system - the allies owned the skies over Burma and could resupply the troops on the ground by air. Extraction was a problem with no helicopters but delivering supplies was relatively simple.
Light Infantry - lightly equipped, well supported, well supplied, well informed.
Comments specific to the Chindits "They took heavy casualties, and by the last year of the war few specialist units of this kind were being employed: there was certainly a strong feeling, said to be shared by Slim himself, that
well-trained infantry could do anything that so-called elite or special troops could do, and that it was a waste of time and manpower to train units for particular tasks".
Slim's own comments echo this thinking: "...I came firmly to the conclusion that such formations, trained, equipped and mentally adjusted for one kind of operation only, were wasteful. ....they attracted the best men.....lower(ing) the quality of the rest of the Army, especially of the infantry, not only by skimming the cream off it, but by encouraging the idea that certain of the
normal operations of war were so difficult that only specially equipped corps d'elite could be expected to undertake them......another disadvantage - they can be employed actively only for restricted periods. Then they demand to be taken out of the line to recuperate, while normal formations are expected to have no such limits to their employment. In Burma, the time spent in action by special forces was only a fraction of that endured by the normal divisions, and it must be remembered that risk is danger multiplied by time."
Slim does allow as how Long Range Patrol types, small parties of men and women (Slim's word), operating behind or in proximity to enemy lines to supply recce and conduct sabotage.
Beyond that the infanteer is a generalist with a rifle, capable of delivery by mule, truck, helicopter, parachute or boat, capable of working with or without tanks and APCs, in jungle, desert, arctic, mountain or urban environment, killing, controlling, pacifying, assaulting or holding ground.
And if that isn't enough to keep your average new recruit interested perhaps he or she SHOULD join the Armoured Corps and become a panzergrenadier.
Cheers.