The shooting of Ephraim Brown, 11
July 24, 2007
To be black and to live in or near public housing in Toronto is to face a big risk of dying young. The fatal shooting of 11-year-old Ephraim Brown while he was riding a scooter Saturday was not an aberration. It is what the city has become.
Toronto is an unusually safe city unless a gun battle happens to break out. It can break out at any time and in any place. Bullets have flown in the Eaton Centre, the big downtown mall. They have flown outside the mall, on Yonge Street. They have flown in bars crowded with 500 people, in the downtown entertainment district and in distant suburbs. They have flown on the streets outside the bars.
But mostly they have flown in and around the public housing projects where poor, black and usually fatherless families live. Six years ago, Dudley Laws, a local activist, produced a list of 100 black people, mostly young men, who had been killed in Toronto by other black people between 1996 and 2001. Today, however, even young children are at risk.
Torontonians are not jaded yet; they remember each separate incident. A 15-year-old boy, Jordan Manners, was shot dead in his high school in May. An 11-year-old girl, Tamara Carter, was shot in the eye on a packed city bus three years ago. Amon Beckles, 18, was shot dead two years ago on the church steps at the funeral of his best friend, Jamal Hemmings, 17, who had also been fatally shot. A four-year-old boy, Shaquan Cadougan, was shot in the knee two years ago. All of those shooting victims were black. And in numerous other incidents, bullets whizzed over the heads of children at play. But for good luck, there would have been many more Ephraim Browns.
The secondary damage done to children and teenagers who witness deadly shootings has not been well documented in Toronto. It has been extensively documented in the housing projects of Chicago. "In some environments," writes educator James Garbarino, "virtually all youth demonstrate negative effects of highly stressful and threatening environments." For instance, they fall more than a grade level behind in school.
The research shows that Ephraim's death is not an isolated incident. Black residents in Toronto are murdered at a far greater rate than non-black Torontonians: roughly 10 victims for every 100,000 people, compared with just two non-black victims, according to research by University of Toronto criminologist Rosemary Gartner, covering the years 1992 to 2003. Homicide victims are younger than in the past, more apt to be shot than before and more likely to be killed in public spaces. (Seventy-five per cent of homicides occur in places such as parking lots and bars, up from 50 per cent in the 1990s.)
Toronto has undertaken a variety of useful responses: setting up four 18-member police squads that blitz high-crime areas on foot, creating extra social programs, and keeping schools open for summer programs. But the underlying problem of large, poor, fatherless families, alienated teens and a gangster culture transplanted in part from Jamaica is sinking its roots into Toronto, and will not soon let go.