It still seems to come down to this: Policing or Warfighting.
We are stuck in seeing the enforcement of the government's will in terms of those two options. A nice clean dichotomy between the (essentially) unarmed policeman operating in a permissive environment of willing subjects and going out and slaughtering all available targets in a free-fire zone.
Unfortunately, as we are all aware operating environments come in a wider array of options than those two solutions provide for.
We suffer from being a little bit too British (Policing vs Army) and a little bit too American (Army = Warfighting).
The French have, as in so many other fields, moved the other direction. They try and parse the spectrum of conflict into a number of tailor made bureaucracies.
1. They have the local Police to deal with traffic violations.
2. They have a separate organization for dealing with unarmed mobs - CRN or CRS or some such
3. They have the Gendarmerie for dealing with armed insurgents domestically
4. They have the Army for defending La Patrie and her borders
5. They have the Foreign Legion (largely foreign mercenaries - sorry for the perceived slur guys) that they can use to prosecute the nation's interests at limited domestic political cost.
The Brits covered this spectrum with the local Constabulary to deal with levels 1 and 2.
The Army covered levels 2-5.
They did this by maintaining an Infantry heavy army where the Cavalry switched roles between Patrolling and Shock Tactics. Even the artillery could be "dragooned" into use as armed policemen to bolster the imperial constabulary. The Army has been able to fight wars, successfully - if usually after a setback or two in the opening rounds - but it has conducted operations for centuries primarily as a Gendarmerie, both domestically and imperially, that also fights wars.
The Americans, as stated before, have a distaste for maintaining and operating that type of force. They are predisposed against the maintenance of a Standing Army to coerce populations into following the will of the government. Therefore, for them, an Army is all about rapidly destroying those nasty coercive Standing Armies and freeing up the population to be what they naturally want to be - Americans.
Shock follows the realization that when they wake up an Arab at 3 O'Clock in the morning he isn't speaking with a Bronx accent - their working assumption (as many American friends have told me about my Scots-Canadian accent).
This peacemaking business demands a longterm security force. It can be an Army task, or a Police task (we created the NWM Rifles/Police to fulfill the role - patrolling in pairs but also equipped with 9 pounder cannons and gatling guns), or it can be a separate Bureaucracy like the Gendarmerie, the Carabinieri or the Dutch Marechausse or the Spanish Guardia Civil. The Gendarmerie still conducts operations against insurgents in Corsica and Pays Basque. The Carabinieri is busy in Sardinia, Sicily and the Naples area. The Guardia Civil has to deal with ETA and with the Catalonians.
These are on going operations where Soldier/Policemen are regularly engaged by their own citizens (reluctant) with rifles and bombs. They have been at it, in most cases, since 1814. Their governments have been at it with various forces for a lot longer than that.
Heavy forces are necessary for conducting security operations - but only when a target has been identified that is suitable to their employment. If you have a target-rich environment like parts of Iraq and Afghanistan right now, then they are going to be in high demand. However Heavy forces cannot be maintained indefinitely. They are too costly, no matter how rich the treasury. Like the plant of the engineers, they need to be conserved for critical taskings.
As well, it doesn't tell the locals that it is safe to come out and send the kids to school, buy groceries and go to work, if the only way that the government feels safe is driving around in great, armoured bomb-magnets.
The government of Afghanistan needs that Imperial Constabulary/Gendarmerie/Carabinieri/NWMR force to control its people and its terrain. To establish presence, to gain intelligence and above all to give the sense of security that the locals crave. In that environment having Big Brother constantly watching you, with guns pointed outwards towards the unknown, is not a bad thing. Security cameras, machine gun posts and armed policemen are all part of that security net. This is the traditional role, in British parlance of the infantry and light cavalry. (Light infantry
is WAS (Edited to enhance chances at a free beermug) something else again - more akin to the infantry recce platoon)
Dealing with armed, organised insurgents in large numbers, retaking occupied villages, relieving besieged villages, these operations require a heavily armed assault forces to intervene. Now whether those forces are deployed in LAVs, M113s, Marders, Helicopters or Boats they are all ultimately Assault forces. They are a Heavy Cavalry/Artillery force. Even troops deployed from helicopters without armoured vehicles (the American definition of a Light Force) are ultimately there to deliver a shock action for a limited duration to a specific target taking the heaviest equipment that time, terrain and transport will permit.
Afghanistan also needs that type of force and you guys are providing that capability. And maybe Canada should restrict itself to supplying that type of force and call it good.
However most governments seem more comfortable offering that type of force to assist a friend. Its tasks are limited and its utility is time limited - essentially once the environment is no longer target-rich then the "service" can be withdrawn in good conscience - or reallocated to another theatre that is rich in targets. That ultimately leaves Canada armed with a rapier that can only be applied offensively to eliminate threats.
The question is who supplies the Gendarmerie/Constabulary/Security force until the locals have their own version stood up and who trains the locals if the trainers don't have experience in those types of operations? Who supplies the shield to be applied defensively to protect communities?
A further question? Which is most likely to be useful in a Canadian domestic environment in the future? A heavily armed assault force? Or a sustained security force? And who will supply the latter?