Argentina, 30 Years On, Pushes on Falklands
Despite Demands to Recover Islands From Britain, Its Forces Are Drained
BUENOS AIRES—President Cristina Kirchner has vociferously pressed to reclaim the Falkland Islands, after Argentina failed to do so in a war for the isolated archipelago that began 30 years ago Monday.
But there is little risk the country will mount another surprise attack: These days, its ragtag military can hardly put on a decent parade.
During Argentina's bicentennial celebration in 2010, the defense ministry said it didn't put the country's antiquated tanks on the street because it was trying to "demilitarize" the parade.
Thirty years ago the U.K. went to war against Argentina over the Falkland Islands but according to newly released documents from the Reagan Library, the U.S. almost took sides against the U.K. WSJ's Cassell Bryan-Low reports on the anniversary. Photo: AP
Argentinian veterans mark 30th anniversary of the Falklands war at a ceremony in Ushuaia from where the invasion was launched. (Video: Reuters/Photo: Getty Images)
But Congressman Julio César Martínez, who was president of the legislature's Defense Commission that year, said the real reason was that organizers feared the rickety tanks would break down on the parade route.
What is more, there were no air force flyovers because 15 of its planes have crashed over the past 11 years because of age and lack of maintenance, he added. Many planes are "only fit to teach pilots how to be kamikazes," Mr. Martínez said.
Neither the Argentine Defense Ministry nor the Kirchner administration responded to several requests for comment.
Even as she talks tough about the Falklands, the leftist Mrs. Kirchner has been starving the 60,000-member Argentine armed forces of funds as part of a strategy to expunge Argentine militarism and quash any possibility of another dictatorship like the one that killed thousands of Argentines in the 1970s and 1980s. That regime also invaded the Falklands in 1982, sparking a brief war with the U.K that Argentina lost.
In a recent paper, Argentine academic Carlos Escudé described Mrs. Kirchner's strategy as "one of the most radical pacifist experiments of all time."
Argentina's military spending, which had been about 3% of GDP at the time of the Falklands War, has fallen steadily to 0.9% of GDP by 2010, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, a think tank. Today, even as Mrs. Kirchner has elevated overall public spending to historic highs, Argentina's military budget is at a record low both as a percentage of GDP and of the total budget, said political scientist Rosendo Fraga.
Alfredo Dato, a pro-government congressman who recently took over as chairman of the Defense Commission, said in an interview that Mrs. Kirchner's defense policy and her punishment of the human-rights abuses committed by the former military has widespread support from Argentines.
On Monday, Ms. Kirchner will visit the southernmost Argentine city of Ushuaia to lead rallies nationwide that honor Falklands War veterans and likely further press her country's claim.
Few lament the demise of the brutal dictatorship. But some defense hawks say Mrs. Kirchner has taken pacifism too far, noting that Argentina's northern border with Paraguay and Brazil is populated by drug traffickers, smugglers and arms dealers.
Argentine veterans in Ushuaia, in Argentina's Tierra del Fuego province, paid their respects to the soldiers who died in the country's 74-day war with Great Britain, on Monday, the 30th anniversary of its start.
In addition, many Latin American countries have taken advantage of booming commodity prices to strengthen their defense, said Alejandro Corbacho, a specialist in defense at the Center for Macroeconomic Studies in Buenos Aires. Chile, Argentina's neighbor and longtime rival, has an armed force that is nearly 1.5 times larger than Argentina's in a country with only one-third the population. Chile spent 3.5% of GDP on defense in 2009, according to the Stockholm Institute.
Mrs. Kirchner's benign neglect of the military contrasts with her fierce diplomatic push for the islands, many analysts say. She has initiated a boycott of British goods in Argentina, called for neighboring Latin American countries to deny harbor to ships coming from the islands and threatened to sue companies involved in drilling for oil and gas off the archipelago's shore. On the stump, she has railed against English "colonialism" and "militarism."
While Mr. Martínez doesn't back another war for the Falklands, he said building up Argentina's military could buttress the country's diplomatic effort by forcing the U.K. to respond, making the islands a greater financial and political burden for Britain. "England ended up returning Hong Kong to China because China is China," Mr. Martínez added.
But other analysts point to risks that Mrs. Kirchner's swaggering Falklands posture could provoke an incident that Argentina might not be able to back up militarily.
In December, a brief standoff ensued when an Argentine coast guard cutter, patrolling the River Plate between Argentina and Uruguay, started shadowing a Spanish fishing boat, which had a permit to fish in the Falklands, Uruguayan naval officials told the local press. The Kirchner government has accused Spanish fishing boats of fishing illegally in Falkland waters Argentina claims as its own. A Uruguayan military reconnaissance plane conducted a flyover to monitor the situation. After a tense period, the fishing boat shucked the Argentine pursuer and sailed off into international waters. "We have capacity for an incident, not for a war," said Mr. Fraga.
One hundred years ago, Argentina had the largest army in Latin America, Mr. Corbacho said. Argentina was riven by a succession of military coups throughout much of the past century, with the most brutal junta seizing power in 1976. Fighting leftist guerrilla groups and ruthlessly repressing all opponents, the junta "disappeared" and murdered at least 10,000 Argentines. Amid public discontent, the government in 1982 seized the Falklands in a bid to win public support. But British leader Margaret Thatcher sent a force across the Atlantic to take back the islands—in a 74-day conflict in which more than 900 people died—dealing Argentina a humiliating defeat.
These days, about 80% to 90% of the defense budget is absorbed by salaries and pensions, analysts say. Tthe Kirchner government has made only limited defense investments—renationalizing an arms factory and ramping up a project to build nuclear powered submarines.
About half of the respondents to a Defense Ministry poll in 2008 said they had been considering leaving the service and many had taken second jobs to supplement their meager paychecks.
Voting data suggests Mrs. Kirchner is unpopular in the military, Mr. Fraga said. In voting in the 2011 presidential election in the Argentine military base in Antarctica, where around 100 armed forces members are stationed, Mrs. Kirchner got only 13% of the vote, he said, about one quarter of the support she got at a national level.
Write to Matt Moffett at matthew.moffett@wsj.com
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