Probably the most publicized AIP development has been the Italian toroidal design.
[1][2] This design by Maritalia provides a unique oxygen storage system for a small submarine that will have a toroidal, double-hull configuration. Although the 02 is held as a gas under pressure, the double-hull design provides a considerable storage capacity. The AIP exhaust is a major consideration and the Italian firm has not published details of its operation; the C02 exhaust is probably compressed for storage in the vacated 02 spaces or pumped overboard. The compression requirements reduce the efficiency of this system.
Two small submarines, a 120-ton craft launched in 1978 and an 80-ton craft launched in 1982, have previously tested the Maritalia system. A new, 157‘/2-foot submarine built for the Maritalia system will have some 40 mw-hours of usable energy for non-snorkel operation.
The Fincantieri shipyard is cooperating with Maritalia to design a toroidal submarine of some 300 tons that could serve as a larger technology demonstration craft. Details of the toroidal design are being closely held by Maritalia, but it seems highly questionable at this time if the system will successfully scale up to a propulsion plant for a full-scale submarine.